break, continue, switch, goto

break statement

When we writing programming code, we often come across situations where we want to jump out of a loop instantly, without waiting to get back to the conditional test. The keyword break allows us to do this. When break is encountered inside any loop, control automatically passes to the first statement after the loop. A break is usually associated with an if.
The keyword break, breaks the control only from the while in which it is placed.
Let's understand break with c program example:

/*demonstration of break statement through c program*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
 int i=5;
 clrscr();
 while(i>=1)
 {
  if(i==2)
  {
   printf("\nIt is equal to two!!");
   break;
  }
  printf("%d\n",i); 
  i--;
 }
 getch();
}

Output:
5
4
3
It is equal to two!!

Thus, it is clear that a break statement takes the execution control out of the loop.
In above program, if we omitted break statement then what will be output? The answer is
5
4
3
It is equal to two!!
2
1


because when i's value is 2, condition will be satisfy and executed printf statement, after that compiler goes to next statement i.e. printf("%d",i); because loop do not terminate and it is run till the i value is not less than 1.

search prime number

Q. Write a C program to find whether a number is prime or not.

Definition of prime number:A prime number is one,which is divisible only by one or itself. And its must greater than 1.

And if number is not prime, it is called composite number and vice versa.

Ans.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

 int x,num;

 printf("Enter number : ");

 scanf("%d",&num);

 x=2;

 while(x<=num-1)

 {

   if(num%x==0)

   {

      printf("Number is not prime!!");

      break;

   }

   x++;

 }

 if(x==num)

    printf("Number is prime!!");
 getch();

 return 0;

}

    output of above program :

Enter number 7

Number is prime

Generate first n Prime number

Q. Write a C program to generate first n prime number C program.

Ans.

/*c program for generate first n prime number*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
 int n,num,t,div,count;
 printf("How many prime number you want to print: ");
 scanf("%d", &n);
 printf("\n%d\t",2); /*2 is first prime number*/
 count=1;
 num=3;
 while(count<n)
 {
  t=sqrt(num);
  div=2;
  while(div<=t)
  {
    if(num%div==0)
       break;
    div++;
  }
  if(div>t)
  {
     printf("%d\t",num);
     count++;
  }
  num=num+2;
 }
 getch();
 return 0;
}

/************Output************/

Screen shot for generate first n prime number
C program

continue statement

when we write program, if we want to take control to the beginning of the loop, bypassing the statements inside the loop, which have not yet been executed, in this situation we uses continue. continue is c reserved keyword in C. When continue is encountered inside any loop, control automatically passes to the beginning to the loop.
A continue is usually associated with an if.
Let's understand continue with example:

/*demonstration of continue statement*/
 #include<stdio.h>
 #include<conio.h>
 int main()
 {
  int i,j;
  for(i=1; i<=2; i++)
  {
   for(j=1; j<=2; j++)
   {
    if(i==j)
     continue;
    printf("\n%d %d",i,j);
   }
  }
  getch();
  return 0;
 }

Output:

 1 2
 2 1
 
Explanation: When the value of i equals that of j, the continue statement takes the control to the for loop(inner) bypassing the rest of the statements execution in the for loop(inner).

Let's understand continue statement with another example:
 

/*demonstration of continue statement*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
 int i;
 for(i=1; i<=10; i++)
 {
   if(i==6)
     continue;
   printf("%d ",i);
 }
 printf("\nNow we are out of for loop");
 getch();
 return 0;
}

Output:-

 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10

 Now we are out of for loop

Explanation: As when the value of i will becomes 6 it will move for the next iteration by skipping the iteration i=6.

switch-case statement

In some programming situation, when there are number of choices and we want to choose only appropriate choice, in that situation C provided switch statement. Thus switch statement allows us to make a decision from the number of choices.

The switch statement also known as switch-case-default.
Since, the switch statement known for decision maker.
Syntax of switch statement:

switch(integer expression)
{
 case 1 :
   do this;
   break;
 case 2 :
   do this;
   break;
 case 3 :
   do this;
   break;
 case 4 :
   do this;
   break;
 default :
   and this;
   break; 
}

Example of switch-case-default statement:

/*program to demonstration of switch statement*/

 #include<stdio.h>
 #include<conio.h>
 int main()
 {

  int r=4;
  switch(r)
  {
   case 1 :
     printf("\nI am in case 1");
     break;
   case 2 :
     printf("\nI am in case 2");
     break;
   case 3 :
     printf("\nI am in case 3");
     break;
   case 4 :
     printf("\nI am in case 4");
     break;
   case 5 :
     printf("\nI am in case 5");
     break;
   default :
     printf("\nI am in default");
     break;
  }
  getch();
 return 0;
 }

Output: I am in case 4

Different types of switch statement

(a) In switch statement case arrangement may beascending order, descending order, scrambled order. So the following program should be valid and run:

 #include<stdio.h>

 #include<conio.h>

 int main()

 {

  int r=44;

  switch(r)

  {

   case 210 :

     printf("\nI am in case 210");

     break;

   case 10 :

     printf("\nI am in case 10");

     break;

   case 1 :

     printf("\nI am in case 1");

     break;

   case 44 :

     printf("\nI am in case 44");

     break;

   default :

     printf("\nI am in defalut");

     break;

  }

  getch();

 return 0;

 }

Output: I am in case 44

(b) C also allowed to use char values in case andswitch statement as:

 #include<stdio.h>

 #include<conio.h>

 int main()

 {

  char a='n';

  switch(a)

  {

    case 'm' :

      printf("\nI am in case m"); 

    case 'n' :

      printf("\nI am in case n");

    case 'o' :

      printf("\nI am in case o");

    case 'p' :

      printf("\nI am in case p");

    default :

      printf("\nI am in default");

  }

  getch();

  return 0;

 }

Output: I am in case n

Note: When above program run, 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p' are actually replaced by subsequent ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code.

(c) C language allows us to check the value of any expression in a switch statement like as:

   switch(r+c*i)

   switch(10+20%2*r) 

   switch(r+10*c)

   switch(r>10 || c<20) 

Above all switch statement are valid.

And expression can also be used in cases provided they are constant expression.

Thus case 10+15 is correct,

and however case r+c is incorrect.

(d) The switch statement is very useful while writing menu driven program.

(e) The break statement when used in a switch takes the control outside the switch. However, use ofcontinue will not take the control to the beginning of switch.

(f) The case keyword is followed by an integer or a character constant.

goto statement

The goto statement is used to alter the normal sequence of program instructions by transferring the control to some other portion of the program.

The syntax is as follows:

goto label;

Here, label is an identifier that is used to label the statement to which control will be transferred. The targeted statement must be preceded by the unique label followed by colon.

label: statement;

It is recommended that as possible as skip the gotostatement because when we use goto then we can never be sure how we got to a certain point in our code. They obscure the flow of control.

Note:- goto can never be used to jump into the loop from outside and it should be preferably used for forward jump.

Let us consider a program to illustrate goto and labelstatement:

/*program to demonstration of goto statement*/

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

 int n;

 clrscr();

 printf("Enter one digit number: ");

 scanf("%d",&n);

 if(n<=6)

   goto mylabel;

 else

 {

   printf("Now control in main funcion.");

   exit();

 }

 mylabel:

   printf("Now control in mylabel.");

}

Output:-

Enter one digit number:9

Now control in main function.

Enter one digit number:4

Now control in mylabel. 

Flowchart for switch-case

How to write switch case flowchart?

switch case statement:

switch( choice )
{
  case 1:
      statement 1;
      break;

  case 2:
      statement 2;
      break;

  case 3:
      statement 3;
      break;

  case n:
      statement n;
}

(in above module n = number of cases.)


switch case flowchart:

Figure: flowchart of switch case statement in C

Flowchart for prime number

Q. Draw the flowchart diagram for check a number is prime number or not.

Ans.

Flowchart for check a number is prime or not as following:

Figure: Flowchart for check given number is
prime number or not

Factorial C program,Algorithm,Flowchart

Q. Write a C program to find the factorial value of a number. Also write the algorithm and draw flowchart.

Ans.

/*c program to find out factorial value of a number*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
 int n,i,fact=1;
 printf("Enter any number : ");
 scanf("%d", &n);
 for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
    fact = fact * i;
 printf("Factorial value of %d = %d",n,fact);
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Screen shot for calculate factorial value
of a number C program

Algorithm for calculate factorial value of a number:

[algorithm to calculate the factorial of a number]
step 1. Start
step 2. Read the number n
step 3. [Initialize]
        i=1, fact=1
step 4. Repeat step 4 through 6 until i=n
step 5. fact=fact*i
step 6. i=i+1
step 7. Print fact
step 8. Stop
[process finish of calculate the factorial value of a number]

Flowchart for calculate factorial value of a number:

Figure: Flowchart for calculate factorial value of
a number C program

while, for, do...while

Looping concept

The program that we have developed so far used either a sequential or a decision control instruction.

The versatility of the computer lies in its ability to perform a set of instructions repeatedly. This involves repeating some portion of the program either a specified number of times or until a particular condition is being satisfied. This repetitive operation is done through a loop control instruction.
Loops can be created to executed a block of code for a fixed number of times. Alternatively, loops can be created to repetitively execute a block of code until a Boolean condition changes state.
For instance, the loop may continue until a condition changes from false to true, or from true to false. In this case, the block o code being executed must update the condition being tested in order for the loop to terminate at some point. If the test condition is not modified somehow within the loop, the loop will never terminate. This created a programming bug known as an infinite loop.

There are three method by way to which we can repeat a part of a program. They are:

1. Using a for statement
2. using a while statement
3. Using a do-while statement

for Loop

At this point you think, there is already while loop function then what we need one more loop function? The answer is that for is easy to use and allows us to specify three things in single line, these three things are:

1. Setting a loop counter to an initial value
2. Testing the loop counter to determine whether its value has reached the number of repetitions desired.
3. Increasing or Decreasing the value of loop counter.

The general form of for statement is as under:

for(initialise counter; test counter;increment/decrement counter)

{

  do this;

  and this;

  and this;

  and that;

}

It is important to note that the initialization,testing and incrementation part of a for loop can be replaced by any valid expression, thus the following for loops are valid:

for(i=5; i; i--)

  printf("%d",i);

for(i<=5; j=10; j=0)

  printf("%d",i);

for(i=1; i<=10; printf("%d",i++))

;

for(scanf("%d",&i); i<=5; i++)

  printf("%d",i);

Demonstration of for loop

/*demonstration for loop program*/

/*program to print cprogrammingcodes in five times*/

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

 int i;

 clrscr();

 for(i=1; i<=5; i++)

 {

   printf("cprogrammingcodes");

   printf("\n");

 }

 getch();

}

              Output of above program:

cprogrammingcodes

cprogrammingcodes

cprogrammingcodes

cprogrammingcodes

cprogrammingcodes

Versions of for loops

Now we learn how many different types for uses to print one to ten numbers.

(a) #include<stdio.h>

    #include<conio.h>

    void main()

    {

     int i;

     clrscr();

     for(i=1; i<=10; i++)

       printf("%d\n",i);

    }

(b) #include<stdio.h>

    #include<conio.h>

    void main()

    {

     int i;

     clrscr();

     for(i=1; i<=10;)

      printf("%d\n",i);

      i++;

    }

(c) #include<stdio.h>

    #include<conio.h>

    void main()

    {

     int i;

     clrscr();

     i=1;

     for(; i<=10; i++)

      printf("%d\n",i);

    }

(d) #include<stdio.h>

    #include<conio.h>

    void main()

    {

     int i;

     clrscr();

     i=1;

     for(; i<=10 ;)

      printf("%d\n",i);

      i++;

    }

(e) #include<stdio.h>

    #include<conio.h>

    void main()

    {

     int i;

     clrscr();

     for(i=1; i++<=10;)

      printf("%d\n",i);

    }

(f) #include<stdio.h>

    #include<conio.h>

    void main()

    {

     int i;

     clrscr();

     for(i=0; ++i<=10;)

      printf("%d\n",i);

    }

(g) #include<stdio.h>

    #include<conio.h>

    void main()

    {

     int i;

     clrscr();

     i=1

     for(; i++<=10;)

      printf("%d\n",i);

    }

Multiple Initialisations and increment/decrement in the for loop

The initialisation expression of the for loop can contain more than one statement by a comma.For example:

for(i=0, j=10; i<=j ; i++,j--)

Thus we see, that multiple statement can uses to initialisation and increment(or decrement). But notice there must be only one statement allowed in the test expression. This expression may contain several condition linked using logical operators as:
 for(i=0, j=10; i<=j || i==j ; i++,j--) 

Nesting of for Loops

The way if statement can be nested, similarly whiles and fors can also be nested. Let's understand the nesting of for loops through program:

/*demonstration of nested for loop*/

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

 int r,c,s;

 clrscr();

 for(r=1; r<=2; r++)/*outer loop*/

 {
  for(c=1; c<=2; c++) /*inner loop*/
  {
   s=r+c;
   printf("r=%d c=%d sum=%d\n",r,c,s);
  }
 }
 getch();
}

       output of above program

r=1 c=1 sum=2

r=1 c=2 sum=3

r=2 c=1 sum=3

r=2 c=2 sum=4

Thus we see in above program that, the body of outer loop is indented, and the body of the inner for loop is further indented. These multiple indentations make the program easier to understand.

while loop

It is often the case in programming that we want to do something a fixed number of times. Perhaps we want to calculate gross salaries, or convert temperatures form centigrade to Fahrenheit for 20 different cities. Thewhile loop is ideally suited f or such cases.

Syntax of using while loop:

initialise loop counter

while(valid condition)

{

  statement1;

  statement2;

  statement3;

  statement4;

  increment or decrement loop counter;

}

some basic rule of while loop:

• The statements within the while loop would keep in getting executed till the condition being tested remains true. When the condition becomes false, the control passes to the first statement that follows the body of the while loop.

• The condition being tested may use relational or logical operators as shown in the following examples:
  while(x<=20)
  while(x>=20 && x<=50)
  while(x>=10 || (i>=10 && i<=20)||y==15)
• Almost always, the while must test a condition that will eventually become false, otherwise the loop would be executed forever,indefinitely.
• It is not necessary that a loop counter must only be an int. It can even be a float.
• Example of while loop:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

 int i=1;

 while(i<=5)

 {

  printf("%d\n",i);

  i=i+1;  //i++;

 }

 getch();

}

       Output of above program:

1

2

3

4

5

Nested while loop

One or more loop which require execute again and again then these loop and loops place in separate block is known as nested loop.
Example of nested while loop:

/*demonstration of nested while loop*/

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

 int r,c,s;
 clrscr();
 r=1;

 while(r<=5)  /*outer loop*/

 {
  c=1;
  while(c<=2)  /*inner loop*/
  {
   s=r+c; 
   printf("r=%d c=%d sum=%d\n",r,c,s);
   c++;
  }
  printf("\n");
  r++;
 }
 getch();
}

         Output of above program:

r=1  c=1  sum=2  

r=1  c=2  sum=3

r=2  c=1  sum=3

r=2  c=2  sum=4

r=3  c=1  sum=4

r=3  c=2  sum=5

r=4  c=1  sum=5

r=4  c=2  sum=6

r=5  c=1  sum=6

r=5  c=2  sum=7

do-while loop

Now we know about for, while loop that executed the statement within them finite number of times. However, in real life programming, one comes across a situation when it is not known beforehand how many times the statement in the loop are to be executed. In this situation we used do-while loop.

do-while tests the condition after having executed the statement within the loop i.e. do-while would executed its statement at least once, even if the condition fails for the first time. For example notice in following program:

/*demonstration of do-while*/

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

 clrscr();

 do

 {

  printf("Its work!!");

 }while(10<1);

 getch();

}

Output of above program:

Its work!!

In above program, the printf() would be executed once, since first the body of loop is executed and then the condition tested, 10<1 condition false so loop terminate and go to next statement.

/*program to find factorial value of any number, and it is execute unknown number of times when user enter no, then program should be terminate.*/

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

 int n,f=1;

 char choice;

 clrscr();

 do

 {

  printf("Enter number : ");

  scanf("%d",&n);

  while(n>=1)

  {

   f=f*n;

   n--;

  }

  printf("Factroial value of %d is %d",n,f);

  printf("\nCalculate another value y/n :");

  scanf("%c",&choice);

 }while(choice=='y');

}

output of above program:

Enter number :5

Factorial value of 5 is 120

Calculate another value y/n :y

Enter number :4

Factorial value of 4 is24

Calculate another value y/n :n

In above program, the do-while loop would keep getting executed till the user continues to answer y. When user enter answer n,the loop terminate, since the condition fails.

Odd Loop

What is odd loop?
In real life programming, there are many times comes a situation when we don't know how many times the statements in the loop are to be executed.
There is comes concept of odd loop.
Execution of loop an unknown number of times can be done by - while, for and do...while loops.

/*A demonstration of odd loop using do...while*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int n;
 char answer;
 do
 {
  printf("Enter any number : ");
  scanf("%d", &n);
  printf("Square of %d is %d",n,n*n);
  fflush(stdin);
  printf("\nWant to calculate more square y/n: ");
  scanf("%c", &answer);
 }while(answer=='y');
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen shot of odd loop (do...while) to calculate
square of number C program 

The above odd loop program we can write using for loop as:

/*odd loop using for loop of calculate square number C program*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int n;
 char ans='y';
 for(; ans=='y' ; )
 {
  printf("Enter any number : ");
  scanf("%d", &n);
  printf("Square of %d is %d",n,n*n);
  fflush(stdin);
  printf("\nWant to calculate more square y/n: ");
  scanf("%c", &ans);
 }
 return 0;
}

The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen shot of odd loop (for) to calculate 
square of number C program 

The odd loop program we can write using while loop as:
/*odd loop using while loop of calculate square number C program*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int n;
 char ans='y';
 while(ans=='y')
 {
  printf("Enter any number : ");
  scanf("%d", &n);
  printf("Square of %d is %d",n,n*n);
  fflush(stdin);
  printf("\nWant to calculate more square y/n: ");
  scanf("%c", &ans);
 }
 return 0;
}



The output of above program would be:

Figure: Screen shot of odd loop ( while ) to calculate 
square of number C program